Alan Dershowitz’s “Protocol Torture”
Submitted by Гость (not verified) on Thu, 10/10/2024 - 16:38The article attempts to reconstruct the analytical debates on the morality of torture. The tragic events of September 11, 2001 served as a pretext for renewing the discussion. Professor of law Alan Dershowitz initiated debates on the justification of torture in extraordinary circumstances. Dershowitz’s argument consists of several key propositions: a) we must acknowledge the widespread use of torture; b) we should bring torture into the realm of law. Dershowitz’s idea has met both support and criticism from various professional humanitarians.
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Submitted by Гость (not verified) on Thu, 10/10/2024 - 16:38Mental causality within Justus Buchler’s ordinal metaphysics
Submitted by Гость (not verified) on Thu, 10/10/2024 - 16:38The paper aims to look at the possibilities of overcoming the restriction on the systematic overdetermination of mental causation in the ordinal naturalism of J. Buchler. We think that in ordinal naturalism, conscious behavioral acts have integrity and specificity, while being associated with other orders (physiological, psychological, social), but not being reduced to them, which ensures the complexity of mental causation, i.e. the possession of both mental and physical traits of both cause-events and effect-events.
Reasons for Action as Events and States
Submitted by Гость (not verified) on Thu, 10/10/2024 - 16:38The article examines the ontological status of reasons for action. There are two positions: the reasons for actions (desires and beliefs) are construed either as states or dispositions, or as events. Anticausalists believe that reasons for actions are states and therefore they cannot be causes of actions, since causation is possible only between events. D.
Contextual moral realism
Submitted by Гость (not verified) on Thu, 10/10/2024 - 16:38We argue that genuine moral philosophy is realist, and genuine realism is a contextual realism. Thus, we introduce the position of a contextual moral realism. This is our interpretation of J. Benoist’s moral realism in terms of Wittgenstein’s later philosophy. The structure of the contextual realism is the structure of the gap between the ideal (rule, norm, concept) and the real. It is also the structure of Wittgenstein’s rule-following problem. Accordingly, the structure of the contextual moral realism is the structure of the application of a moral norm to reality.
The cult of fundamental natural sciences and the obstruction of theoretical social science: reasons and consequences
Submitted by Гость (not verified) on Thu, 10/10/2024 - 16:38The typology of natural sciences is based on the separation of fundamental and applied components. The first form the necessary basis (foundation) of the second. The development of applied research is possible only on the basis of fundamental research. The last 150 years have seen an accelerated development of applied science, which has not diminished the importance of its fundamental component for the overall development of natural science. A different situation has developed in social science.
The linguistic aspect in the demonology of Thomas Hobbes
Submitted by Гость (not verified) on Thu, 10/10/2024 - 16:38The paper focuses on the linguistic aspect of demonology in «Leviathan» by Thomas Hobbes. Firstly, demonology is considered as a danger to political stability in «Leviathan». Secondly, the main points of the philosophy of language and the place of metaphor in Hobbes’ political philosophy are presented. Thirdly, through Hobbes’ understanding of metaphor, ways of neutralizing demonological prejudice in «Leviathan» and the sovereign’s monopoly right to use metaphors are discussed.
“Absoluteness” as a Transcendental Foundation of Freedom
Submitted by Гость (not verified) on Thu, 10/10/2024 - 16:38The paper considers the freedom of choice, which is a conceptual problem for contemporary philosophical anthropology. It is argued that absoluteness, which is not a “given” (like the gift of life), is “clarified” in the reflection of the decision made, this formalizes human identity. This “sublimation” does not take place by nature, but by the decision of the individual; absoluteness is a certain existential state. It is proved that the “modes of self-affirmation” are conditioned and fragile, absoluteness comes from freedom, transcendent in its foundation.
Regress Problem and the Critique of Empirical Foundationalism Book Review: BonJour L. The Structure of Empirical Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985. (Part I).
Submitted by Гость (not verified) on Thu, 10/10/2024 - 16:38Laurence Bonjour believes that foundationalism is a dead end. Literally all possible reasons for basic beliefs have been analyzed – externalism, the doctrine of the given, and a priori justification. Externalism, where the basic factors of justification are tied up to the causal or nomological in nature relations between the subject and the world, cannot overcome skepticism and is the way for accepting belief as basic only for those who are aware of these relations.