This article describes a methodology for organizing student learning activities. It is used to teach students in the philosophy department of the university the key concepts common to I. Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason and the early versions of Fichte’s Science of Knowledge. A distinctive feature of this methodology is the activity-based correspondence between the content of the curriculum and the organization of the learning activities. In parallel with reading the Critique of Pure Reason and the corresponding lectures, students independently work in groups to explore thought experiments from the history of science in the 18th century, and, in a general discussion, they conduct a reflexive analysis in the spirit of the philosophizing of I. Kant and I. G. Fichte. This provides an introduction to transcendental philosophy.